Prevelance of Metabolic Syndromes in Faisalabad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i6.1747Keywords:
Metabolic Syndrome, Hypertriglyceridemia, Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia, Central Obesity, Faisalabad, PakistanAbstract
Background: Metabolic syndrome is an increasing public health problem characterized by a group of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, central obesity, and fatty liver. These pathologies, when present at the same time, significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and type-2 diabetes. Despite its clinical importance, literature and data on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in urban Pakistani populations remain limited. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of metabolic syndrome among adults in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted over a three-month period in Allied hospital of Faisalabad. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit 380 participants and collect data aged 25 to 65 years. Inclusion criteria included individuals with a body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m², a diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or a history of cardiovascular disease. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and validated clinical tools measuring anthropometric indices, fasting glucose, lipid profiles, and blood pressure. The prevalence of MetS was defined based on established diagnostic criteria. Results: The study showed a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the population. Among the main components, hypertriglyceridemia (72%), low HDL cholesterol (65%), elevated blood pressure (60%), and central obesity (58%) were the most frequently observed diseases. Additionally, insulin resistance, fatty liver, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were commonly found among female participants. These findings were consistent with national trends and highlighted age, BMI, sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits as major contributors. Conclusion: The findings emphasize a significant burden of metabolic syndrome and its components in Faisalabad. Public health interventions focusing on lifestyle modification, early screening, and community-level awareness are urgently needed to control the rising trend and prevent related cardiovascular and metabolic complications.
Downloads
References
1. Nilsson, P. M., Tuomilehto, J., & Rydén, L. (2019). The metabolic syndrome–what is it and how should it be managed?. European journal of preventive cardiology, 26(2_suppl), 33-46.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319886404
2. Lemieux, I., & Després, J.-P. (2020). Metabolic Syndrome: Past, Present and Future. Nutrients, 12(11), 3501.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113501
3. Hirode, G., & Wong, R. J. (2020). Trends in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the United States, 2011-2016. JAMA, 323(24), 2526.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4501
4. Bitew, Z. W., Alemu, A., Ayele, E. G., Tenaw, Z., Alebel, A., & Worku, T. (2020). Metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents in low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 12(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-020-00601-8
5. Nolan, C. J., & Prentki, M. (2019). Insulin resistance and insulin hypersecretion in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: Time for a conceptual framework shift. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, 16(2), 118–127.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1479164119827611
6. Packard, C. J., Boren, J., & Taskinen, M.-R. (2020). Causes and Consequences of Hypertriglyceridemia. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00252
7. Godoy-Matos, A. F., Silva Júnior, W. S., & Valerio, C. M. (2020). NAFLD as a continuum: from obesity to metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 12(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-020-00570-y
8. Lukács, A., Horváth, E., Máté, Z., Szabó, A., Virág, K., Papp, M., Sándor, J., Ádány, R., & Paulik, E. (2019). Abdominal obesity increases metabolic risk factors in non-obese adults: a Hungarian cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 19(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7839-1
9. Bazyar, H., Javid, A. Z., Masoudi, M. R., Haidari, F., Heidari, Z., Hajializadeh, S., Aghamohammadi, V., & Vajdi, M. (2024). Assessing the predictive value of insulin resistance indices for metabolic syndrome risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Scientific Reports, 14(1).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59659-3
10. da Silva, A. A., do Carmo, J. M., Li, X., Wang, Z., Mouton, A. J., & Hall, J. E. (2020). Role of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in hypertension: metabolic syndrome revisited. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 36(5), 671-682.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.066
11. Katsimardou, A., Imprialos, K., Stavropoulos, K., Sachinidis, A., Doumas, M., & Athyros, V. (2020). Hypertension in Metabolic Syndrome: Novel Insights. Current Hypertension Reviews, 16(1), 12–18.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402115666190415161813
12. Berberich, A. J., & Hegele, R. A. (2021). A Modern Approach to Dyslipidemia. Endocrine Reviews, 43(4).
https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnab037
13. Rinaldi, L., Pafundi, P. C., Galiero, R., Caturano, A., Morone, M. V., Silvestri, C., ... & Sasso, F. C. (2021). Mechanisms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the metabolic syndrome. A narrative review. Antioxidants, 10(2), 270.
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020270
14. Chen, W., & Pang, Y. (2021). Metabolic Syndrome and PCOS: Pathogenesis and the Role of Metabolites. Metabolites, 11(12), 869.
https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11120869
15. Mohammadpour, S., Ghorbaninejad, P., Janbozorgi, N., & Shab-Bidar, S. (2020). Associations between adherence to MIND diet and metabolic syndrome and general and abdominal obesity: a cross-sectional study. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 12(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-020-00611-6
16. Abbas, S., Ali, F., Hameed, N., Riaz, R., Tariq, A., & Iqbal, S. (2019). The frequency of metabolic syndrome in judicial officers. The Professional Medical Journal, 26(09), 1466–1470.
https://doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.09.3198
17. Bowo-Ngandji, A., Kenmoe, S., Ebogo-Belobo, J. T., Kenfack-Momo, R., Takuissu, G. R., Kengne-Nde, C., ... & Ngondi, J. L. (2023). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in African populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 18(7), e0289155.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289155
18. Higuita-Gutiérrez, L. F., Martínez Quiroz, W. D. J., & Cardona-Arias, J. A. (2020). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with sociodemographic characteristics in participants of a public chronic disease control program in Medellin, Colombia, in 2018. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 1161-1169.
https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S242826
19. Gouveia, É. R., Gouveia, B. R., Marques, A., Peralta, M., França, C., Lima, A., ... & Ihle, A. (2021). Predictors of metabolic syndrome in adults and older adults from Amazonas, Brazil. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(3), 1303.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031303
20. Behboudi-Gandevani, S., Amiri, M., Bidhendi Yarandi, R., Noroozzadeh, M., Farahmand, M., Rostami Dovom, M., & Ramezani Tehrani, F. (2017). The risk of metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Endocrinology, 88(2), 169–184.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13477
21. Lim, S., Kim, J.-W., & Targher, G. (2021). Links between metabolic syndrome and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 32(7).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indus Journal of Bioscience Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
