Burden of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Nephrology Division, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i6.1930Keywords:
Chronic Kidney Disease, Anemia, Disease Burden, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Prevalence,Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition commonly associated with anemia, especially in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Anemia contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in CKD and is influenced by multiple demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors. Objective: To determine the prevalence of anemia among dialysis-dependent CKD patients at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan and to identify key variables associated with its occurrence. Methods: A prospective, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2024 to March 2025 at the Nephrology Unit of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. A total of 284 adult hemodialysis-dependent CKD patients were enrolled using consecutive sampling. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and medical records. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <12 g/dL in males and <11 g/dL in females. Results: The overall prevalence of anemia was 73.0%. Anemia was more common in females (85.6%), elderly patients (>75 years: 90%), those with diabetes (83.1%), hypertension (79.0%), lower educational levels, and longer CKD duration (>3 years: 89.8%). Conclusion: Anemia is highly prevalent among dialysis-dependent CKD patients, with specific subgroups at greater risk. Early identification and targeted management of these risk factors are crucial for improving patient outcomes.
Downloads
References
1. Horigan, A. E. (2012). Fatigue in hemodialysis patients: A review of current knowledge. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 44(5), 715-724.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.10.015
2. Ansari, I., Sheikh, A., Jabbar, Q., Ahmed, S. S., & Ali, S. (2014). Management of anemia and other hematologic derangements in patients with chronic kidney disease. Arab journal of nephrology and transplantation, 7(1), 13-19.
3. Cukor, D., Peterson, R. A., Cohen, S. D., & Kimmel, P. L. (2006). Depression in end-stage renal disease hemodialysis patients. Nature clinical practice Nephrology, 2(12), 678-687.
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncpneph0359
4. Huang, K., Leu, H., Luo, J., Chan, W., Hou, M., Lin, H., Lee, F., & Kuan, Y. (2013). Different peptic ulcer bleeding risk in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients receiving different dialysis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 59(4), 807-813.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-013-2973-6
5. Sun, J., Yu, R., Zhu, B., Wu, J., Larsen, S., & Zhao, W. (2009). Hepatitis C infection and related factors in hemodialysis patients in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. Renal failure, 31(7), 610-620.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08860220903003446
6. Levin, A. (2007). The treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease: Understandings in 2006. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 16(3), 267-271.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mnh.0b013e32805b7257
7. Hsu, C., McCulloch, C. E., & Curhan, G. C. (2002). Epidemiology of anemia associated with chronic renal insufficiency among adults in the United States. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13(2), 504-510.
https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.v132504
8. Khan, A. M., Afridi, M. A., Ali, G., Idrees, M., & Waqas, M. (2018). Prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease patients in lady reading hospital, Peshawar. Khyber J Med Sci, 11(3), 439-442.
9. Ocasio, H. E., Diaz, H., Cangiano, J. L., Báez, R., & Suárez, E. (2014). Anemia management among hemodyalisis patients at the University Hospital in Puerto Rico. Boletin de la Asociacion Medica de Puerto Rico, 106(2), 9-12.
https://europepmc.org/article/med/25065044
10. Dimković, N. (2001). Erythropoietin-beta in the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Medicinski pregled, 54(5-6), 235-240.
https://europepmc.org/article/med/11759218
11. Besarab, A., & Coyne, D. W. (2012). Iron supplementation to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nature Reviews. Nephrology, 8(2), 63.
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2010.139
12. Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Streja, E., Miller, J. E., & Nissenson, A. R. (2009). Intravenous iron versus erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: Friends or foes in treating chronic kidney disease anemia? Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, 16(2), 143-151.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2008.12.008
13. Stauffer, M. E., & Fan, T. (2014). Prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease in the United States. PloS one, 9(1), e84943.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0084943
14. Drüeke, T. B., Locatelli, F., Clyne, N., Eckardt, K., Macdougall, I. C., Tsakiris, D., Burger, H., & Scherhag, A. (2006). Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 355(20), 2071-2084.
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa062276
15. Alemu, B., Techane, T., Dinegde, N. G., & Tsige, Y. (2021). Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among chronic kidney disease patients attending selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Institutional-based cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease, 14, 67-75.
https://doi.org/10.2147/ijnrd.s296995
16. Meremo, A. J., Mwashambwa, M. Y., Masalu, M. B., Kapinga, J., Tagalile, R., Ngilangwa, D. P., & Sabi, I. (2017). Prevalence and predictors of anaemia among patients presenting with kidney diseases at the University of Dodoma Hospital in central Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 19(3).
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/thrb/article/view/142063
17. Maina, C. K., Karimi, P. N., Mariita, K., Nyamu, D. G., Mugendi, G. A., & Opanga, S. A. (2016). Correlates and management of anemia of chronic kidney disease in a Kenyan Tertiary hospita. East Afri Med J, 93(10), 489-99.
18. Stauffer, M. E., & Fan, T. (2014). Prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease in the United States. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e84943.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084943
19. Kang, E., Han, M., Kim, H., Park, S. K., Lee, J., Hyun, Y. Y., Kim, Y., Chung, W., Kim, H. J., Oh, Y. K., Ahn, C., & Oh, K. (2017). Baseline general characteristics of the Korean chronic kidney disease: Report from the Korean cohort study for outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (KNOW-CKD). Journal of Korean Medical Science, 32(2), 221.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indus Journal of Bioscience Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
