Heavy Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress, Behavioral Alterations and Hematological Changes in Carp Fish (Cyprinus carpio): A Review on Physiological Impairments

Ghulam Fatima; Muhammad Umar Shumail; Saba Ghafar; Saher Khaliq; Maryam Pervaiz; Maria Faiz; Rimsha Waheed Khan; Sunaina Fatima; Nimra Majeed; Fiza Faisal

doi:10.70749/ijbr.v3i11.2647

Authors

Ghulam Fatima Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
Muhammad Umar Shumail Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
Saba Ghafar Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Saher Khaliq Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, AJ&K, Pakistan.
Maryam Pervaiz Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, AJ&K, Pakistan.
Maria Faiz Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
Rimsha Waheed Khan Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
Sunaina Fatima Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
Nimra Majeed Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
Fiza Faisal Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i11.2647

Keywords:

Oxidative Stress, Heavy Metals Toxicity, Behavior Changes, Hematology, Carp Fish.

Abstract

Background: Aquatic ecosystems face an increase of contamination from heavy metals released through urban waste, agricultural runoff and industrial effluents. Such toxic elements, that are non-biodegradable, accumulate in aquatic organisms and persist in the environment, leading to various behavioral and physiological disturbances. Between freshwater species, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) aids as a best bio indicator because of its sensitivity to pollutants and wide distribution. Heavy metals for example mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) are mainly recognized to induce oxidative stress that damages tissues and organs of fish at cellular and biochemical levels. Purpose: The aim of this review is to analyze and summarize present research on the effects of heavy metal exposure on behavioral changes, hematological changes and oxidative stress in carp fish. Its focus is to understand how such pollutants influence the normal behavioral patterns of fish, change antioxidant enzyme activity and induce hematological changes that contribute to reduced ecological fitness and physiological impairments. Materials and Methods: Related data were composed from scientific databases that include PubMed, Springer Link, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Readings associated to oxidative biomarkers, heavy metal exposure and behavioral parameters in carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) were studied. Some keywords such as “oxidative stress,” “behavioral changes,” “hematological changes”, “heavy metals,” “aquatic toxicity” and “carp fish,” were used. Comparative study of results from numerous studies was accomplished to highlight consistent variations and patterns through experimental situations. Results: Findings shown that heavy metals raise reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels that lead to oxidative stress as well as depletion of antioxidant enzymes for example catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Such biochemical disproportions are frequently accompanied by behavioral abnormalities for example reduced swimming performance, decreased feeding activity, loss of equilibrium and erratic movements, all are symbolic of stress as well as neurotoxicity. Conclusion: The exposure of heavy metal considerably affects the behavioral, hematological and oxidative physiology of carp fish that compromise their total health, survival and growth. The understandings of such responses offer valuable perception for ecological risk assessment and environmental monitoring. The review highlights the significance of using behavioral biomarkers and antioxidant as sensitive indicators for identifying heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments and inspires stricter pollution control approaches to shield aquatic biodiversity.

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