Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and the Risk Factor

Abstract

Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a significant cause of female reproductive morbidity, leading to complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Understanding the risk factors for PID in local populations is essential for prevention and timely management. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of PID among women attending the Department of Gynecology at Bolan Medical Hospital, Quetta. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 180 women using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Participants were women aged 18–45 years presenting to the gynecology department over a 6months period. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering demographic details, sexual and reproductive history, behavioral factors, and past medical history. Clinical diagnosis of PID was confirmed based on standard criteria including pelvic pain, cervical motion tenderness, and laboratory findings where applicable. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to identify associations between risk factors and PID occurrence. Results: Among the 180 participants, the prevalence of clinically diagnosed PID was 28% (n = 50). Significant risk factors included age 18–25 years (p = 0.01), multiple sexual partners (p = 0.003), history of prior sexually transmitted infections (p < 0.001), vaginal douching (p = 0.02), and smoking (p = 0.04). Procedural risk factors such as recent intrauterine device insertion were observed in 6% of participants but showed a non-significant association with PID. Conclusions: PID prevalence in this cohort is substantial, with behavioral, demographic, and personal health factors significantly contributing to risk. Targeted screening, health education on safe sexual practices, discouraging vaginal douching, and promoting smoking cessation are recommended to reduce PID burden in women attending gynecology services in Quetta.