Musculoskeletal Disorders Especially Sprain their Various Effects and Possible Effective Therapies in Modern Age

Maham Fatima; Muhammad Arslan; Mehnaz Akhtar; Fahad Kabeer; Khalida Nasreen; Maheen Rafique; Mudassar Iqbal

doi:10.70749/ijbr.v3i3.923

Authors

Maham Fatima Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Muhammad Arslan Department of General Surgery, Southern Medical University, China
Mehnaz Akhtar Atta ur Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Fahad Kabeer Department of Dermatology of Jiangxi first, first affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, China.
Khalida Nasreen Institute of Nursing, CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Maheen Rafique Department of Pharmacology, CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Mudassar Iqbal Department of Morphology, Asian Medical Institute, Kyrgyzstan, Russia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i3.923

Keywords:

Sprain, NSAIDS, MRI, Pain Management

Abstract

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are characterized by damage to the locomotive system, including muscles, bones, ligaments, joints, tendons and nerves often caused by extrinsic factors including trauma, psychosocial factors and high biomechanical exposure. These disorders mostly affect individuals' routine work and productivity, leading to absenteeism and early retirement, as treatments are costly, leading to prolonged individual suffering. The occupational group that is particularly affected by this disorder is teachers; here its prevalence is higher than in other professions due to the tough routine, physical load and demands of their work. Sprains, particularly ankle sprains, are one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries around the world, especially in athletes and physically active persons. In terms of sports-related trauma, ankle injuries rank next to knee injuries. Male and female athletes exhibit distinctive patterns in the incidence of ankle sprains. These disorder leads to severe socioeconomic loss especially in developing countries. This review provides an overview of the diagnosis of MSDs, including MRI and sonography, the most efficient methods of diagnosis. The effective treatment includes cryotherapy, drug-based treatment, and the PRICE protocol which have been discussed along with advanced treatment methodology including PRP and shockwave therapy.

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